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John Peter Zenger (October 26, 1697 – July 28, 1746) was a German American printer and journalist in New York City. Zenger printed ''The New York Weekly Journal''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=7c. The Trial of John Peter Zenger )〕 The first generation of American editors discovered readers loved it when they criticized the local governor; the governors discovered they could shut down the newspapers. The most dramatic confrontation came in New York in 1734, where the governor brought Zenger to trial for criminal libel after the publication of satirical attacks. The jury acquitted Zenger, who became the iconic American hero for freedom of the press.〔Alison Olson, "The Zenger Case Revisited: Satire, Sedition and Political Debate in Eighteenth Century America." ''Early American Literature'' (2000) 35#3 pp: 223-245. (online )〕 In 1733, Zenger began printing ''The New York Weekly Journal'', in which he voiced opinions critical of the colonial governor, William Cosby.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Peter Zenger and Freedom of the Press )〕 On November 17, 1734, on Cosby's orders, the sheriff arrested Zenger. After a grand jury refused to indict him, the attorney general Richard Bradley charged him with libel in August of 1735.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zenger Trial )〕 Zenger's lawyers, Andrew Hamilton and William Smith, Sr., successfully argued that truth is a defense against charges of libel.〔Horton, Scott (2011-02-28) As a printer, he sometimes printed books and essays about freedom and liberty during the Revolutionary War. 〕 ==Life== John Peter Zenger was born in 1697, the son of Nicolaus Eberhard Zenger and his wife Johanna. No baptismal record is known. His father was a schoolteacher in Impflingen in 1701. The Zenger family had other children baptised in Rumbach in 1695 and in 1703〔Jones, Henry Z., Jr. ''The Palatine Families of New York 1710'', Universal City, CA 1985, p. 1202〕 and in Waldfischbach in 1706.〔Jones, Henry Z., Jr. ''More Palatine Families'', Universal City CA 1991, p. 381〕 The Zenger family immigrated to New York in 1710 as part of a large group of German Palatines, and Nicolaus Zenger was one of those who died before settlement.〔Jones, ''PFNY 1710'', p. 1123〕 John Peter was bound for eight years as an apprentice to printer William Bradford of New York, where he learned his trade. By 1720, he was taking on printing work in Maryland, though he returned to New York permanently by 1722.〔Jones, ''PFNY 1710'', p. 1124〕 After a brief partnership with Bradford in 1725, Zenger set up as a commercial printer on Smith Street in Manhattan.〔http://www.nps.gov/feha/historyculture/the-new-york-weekly-journal-and-the-arrest-of-john-peter-zenger.htm〕 Zenger married twice, to Mary White in 1719 at Philadelphia, and as a widower in 1722 to Anna Catharina Maul in New York. He was the father of six children by his 2nd wife.〔Jones, ''PFNY 1710'', p. 1125〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Peter Zenger」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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